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many experiments on the International

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Space Station are intended to learn what

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we can about the conditions of long-term

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space flight as a part of the

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preparations for future missions out

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into the solar system that includes

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experiments that use the human crew

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members as test subjects and those that

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focus on the millions of other living

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things on the station that microbes

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which share the station environment with

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the human crew commander Terry Virts

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will be taking samples for the

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experiment microbial Observatory

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tomorrow and today were joined by the

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principal investigator dr. Koster E van

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Casa Juan of the California Institute of

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Technology and the Jet Propulsion

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Laboratory in Pasadena California to

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learn more about it hi dr. VIN qotsa

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Juan thank you for joining us today

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hi how are you thank you for having us

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under there

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thank you we really appreciate you

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joining us to talk about some about this

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experiment that they're going to be

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working on I know today Terry is

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actually reviewing some of the

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procedures for that and now he'll begin

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doing some of the samples tomorrow so

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let's suppose just talk about where do

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the microbes on the space station

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where are they um they're everywhere

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like you know we breathe and then we

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inhale and exhale microbes every day I

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like you know so International Space

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Station is not a in our different

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environment a that other than

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microgravity so so they are everywhere

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we have to look for it and where did

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that come from

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yeah that's a great question so normally

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people say that it comes you know when

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you are living in your house the

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microbes comes from outside but in the

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case of the International Space Station

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you don't have a football outside

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football field so the dad comes in and

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now but actually the human are the

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walking fermenters so they hold say 10

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to the 14 cells microbial cells when

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compared to their

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on a career Accel's they are about

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thousand times more and it might come

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from the earth through the cargo and the

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human who are traveling between them so

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the main sores are human as well as the

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cut the stuff comes from the earth as a

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cargo okay thank you so if we can't

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control the microbes that are present

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why is it important that we identify and

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monitor the microbes it is not it is not

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that we cannot control the thing is it

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is different from what we are seeing in

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the earth compared to what is in a

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closed environment because NASA has

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taken at most care to have appropriate

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and air environmental system of a closed

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system like in space stations to see

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what can be there in the air in the air

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of the space station which is a very

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closed system where you know a lot of

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things are being inhale inhale and

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exhale by the human present in there so

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it is not that you cannot control but

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you need to know what is in there

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so that for a long period of human

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habitation in a closed system you can

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learn from there and a wide there kind

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of prevention so that if you monitor

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what is in there you can prevent easily

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and we should not forget the microbes

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are integral part of the human so there

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are a lot of beneficial microbes out

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there that helps us also we are not

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living in a sterile and ramen okay we

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are not transgenic human what that means

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is we are not made up of one single

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thing we are made up of multiple things

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so human knows how to live with things

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together a kind of immune system they

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are developed so that you know for some

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other unwanted thing they can fight the

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microbes out there can fight from other

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bad microbes also so basically

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maintenance is a key part to live and

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have a better living conditions in a

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closed system

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okay thank you so much for that

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information so I know Terry is gonna be

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gathering samples tomorrow can you

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describe for me the on-orbit part of

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this this experiment how and where are

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they going to be gathering or where will

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he be gathering the samples I think you

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might have shown some of the places

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where we are collecting samples so we

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have ordered this experiment through

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NASA space biology program to use the

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state-of-the-art molecular techniques to

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see how the microbes are you know

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they're in setup locations for example

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astronauts are using the exercise

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platform so they sweat a lot so that

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means they also you know shed a lot of

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microbes so that kind of places where a

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lot of activity is going on are the main

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target does have and also day-to-day

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they have to eat so there are certain

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specified area where they can eat and

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then you know chat so that is the other

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place where people can you know shed

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stuff so a dining table and this

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particular experiment is on the es side

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only so we are having the nodes 1 & 2 &

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3 are covered of the aside as well as

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some of the exercise place and we also

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have other experiments which around the

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way to collaborate with the European and

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Japanese people to measure the microbial

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diversity of there's you know section of

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okay so so now we know where and I think

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you've also described also you know why

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you chose these locations the samples

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are being returned on Dragon will you be

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analyzing these or how do you analyze

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the samples yeah so for the past two

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10-15 years NASA is monitoring based on

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the traditional culture based analysis

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so we all know that you know you can get

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only one to ten percent of information

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if you are using the traditional

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microbiological methods so this state of

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the art has evolved from traditional

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microbiology using the genomic analysis

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so we are using the gene based system to

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get the genetic fingerprinting of these

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things so that would help us to see

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whether any particular cargo is taking a

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particular kind of microbes all the time

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so you have to repeat again and again

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the same sort of method methods so that

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you understand where to Minar control

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and mitigate the plan so the

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state-of-the-art molecular technologies

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are very powerful and not time-consuming

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and also not laborious and also analyzed

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a lot more samples so we are using

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molecular techniques right and how do

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you anticipate on using the results of

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this study I mean on-orbit and also on

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earth correct so there are a couple of

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things that number one is you know if

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you know what are the things out there

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whether that is beneficial to humankind

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are the one that is not good and harmful

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and you know sometimes under

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microgravity some changes might happen

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if such kind of mutate mutation is

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happening then you will know what needs

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to be targeted and eradicated using

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appropriate cleaning regimes as well as

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some sort of mitigation plants can

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happen so this is the first step towards

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you know achieving that particular goal

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how to maintain a better living

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condition for the astronauts for a

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longer period of time so right now we

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are getting data for two to three years

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and that can be you

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to suggest NASA how to build appropriate

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Andromeda control system thereby

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containing certain microbial parameters

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and also as it said all the time there

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are certain many beneficial microbes out

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there that helps us to produce it for

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tomorrow's food processing for example

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if you are going to have a human

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presence in you know faraway planets you

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know the one of the biggest thing is how

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do you keep the food and replenish it so

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some of the beneficial microbes that

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you'll see there might be useful to the

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conditions that helps them to process

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such kind of things and then get

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benefited well thank you very much for

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joining me again dr. Pincus Juan it's

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very interesting research and we look

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forward to learning more about the

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findings that you have throughout this

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thank you very much you're very welcome

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and a special thanks to the commander of